Calculate Solubility of AgCl From Solubility Product

This example problem demonstrates how to determine the solubility of an ionic solid in water from a substances solubility product. Problem The solubility product of silver chloride (AgCl) is 1.6 x 10-10 at 25  °C.The solubility product of barium fluoride (BaF2) is 2 x 10-6 at 25  °C. Calculate the solubility of both compounds. Solutions The key to solving solubility problems is to properly set up your dissociation reactions and define solubility. Solubility is the amount of reagent that will be consumed to saturate the solution  or reach the equilibrium of the dissociation reaction. AgCl The dissociation reaction of AgCl in water is: AgCl (s) ↔ Ag (aq) Cl- (aq) For this reaction, each mole of AgCl that dissolves produces 1 mole of both Ag and Cl-. The solubility would then equal the concentration of either the Ag or Cl ions. solubility [Ag] [Cl-] To find these concentrations, remember this formula for solubility product: Ksp [A]c[B]d So, for the reaction AB ↔ cA dB: Ksp [Ag][Cl-] Since [Ag] [Cl-]: Ksp [Ag]2 1.6 x 10-10 [Ag] (1.6 x 10-10) ½ [Ag] 1.26 x 10-5 M solubility of AgCl [Ag] solubility of AgCl 1.26 x 10-5 M BaF2 The dissociation reaction of BaF2 in water is: BaF2 (s) ↔ Ba (aq) 2 F- (aq) The solubility is equal to the concentration of the Ba ions in solution. For every mole of Ba ions formed, 2 moles of F- ions are produced, therefore: [F-] 2 [Ba] Ksp [Ba][F-]2 Ksp [Ba](2[Ba])2 Ksp 4[Ba]3 2 x 10-6 4[Ba]3 [Ba]3  ¼(2 x 10-6) [Ba]3 5 x 10-7 [Ba] (5 x 10-7)1/3 [Ba] 7.94 x 10-3 M solubility of BaF2 [Ba] solubility of BaF2 7.94 x 10-3 M Answers The solubility of silver chloride, AgCl, is 1.26 x 10-5 M at 25  °C.The solubility of barium fluoride, BaF2, is 3.14 x 10-3 M at 25  °C.

Karl Marx s Theory On Social Class - 902 Words

Karl Marx was a German academic that studied history and philosophy, and while at the University of Berlin he joined the Young Hegelians; a group of radical philosophers who believed history was driven by intelligence and reasoning and human society progressed through dialectical change- following the beliefs of Georg Hegel (Appelrouth and Edles, 2012, p21). Most of Marx’s work was based on the interests of the working class, which proceeded on to one of his main theories being on class, which lies on the principle that ‘the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles’ (Engels and Marx, 1848, p1). Marx’s concept on social class was built on the notion that human society had the historical tendency to always be separated by two classes who were continuously in conflict; the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. He believed that whatever economic division, or class, people were categorised into would provide them with different opportunities to motivate the social conflict with the opposing class (Scott, 2006, p29). Marx explained that the class in which society members were divided into was determined ‘by the possession or non-possession of the means of production’ (Scott, 2006, p30). This explains how readily man had access to resources as well as the power and authority they had within society to produce goods from these resources. Marx argued that social classes were shaped through capitalism; a matter that Marx was in contradiction of, howeverShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx s Theory Of Social Class2099 Words   |  9 PagesBeyond the centric study of social classes, Karl Marx has also contributed other works in his field of communism in which everything he focused on was all around and bridged to social classes. In Marx’s mind, standard of living, economy, exploitation, and alienation are all listed in the category of social class that â€Å"class differentiation becomes for Marx the decisive factor in the formation of the body politic† (Avineri, 1968, pg. 25). By referring to the liberal economy, Marx was neither the pioneerRead MoreWhy Marx s Social Theory Place So Much Emphasis On Class Conflict And The Economic Aspects Of Society? Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes Marx s social theory place so much emphasis on class conflict and the economic aspects of society? Karl Marx is one of the most influential and revolutionary philosopher, economist and sociologist of the 19th century. His thoughts not only shaped our understandings of the capitalistic world but also created a new system of social organization, communism. His ideology also defined the key political figures of the cold war period such as Stalin, Mao and Castro. Without Marx, theRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto And Das Kapital1507 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx A German philosopher, economist, journalist and revolutionary scientist, Marx was best known for his work in economics. He laid the foundations for today s theories of labor and capital. The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital were among the most famous of his published works. Born to a middle-class family in Trier, Prussia in 1818, his parents were Jewish, but converted to Christianity in 1816 due to strict anti- Jewish laws. He was baptized as a Christian at the age of six but laterRead MoreKarl Marx And The Great Philosopher Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx was born in Trier, Prussia in 1818 to a Jewish family, but despite his baptism at age 6, he later became an atheist. Marx attended University of Bonn, but due to his imprisonment for drunkenness and variances with another student, he was enrolled in the University of Berlin by his parents. Marx earned his degree in philosophy and began writing for Rheinische Zeitung, a liberal democratic newspaper. He later became their editor. Marx was a member of Young Hegelian movement which was groupRead MoreKarl Marx And The German Political System1427 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx was born on May 5th 1818 in Trier, Germany, which was then known as the Kingdom of Prussia. Karl was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labor and it’s relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought. He was born into a wealthy upper middle-class family. He attended school at the University of Bonn and later he studied law and philosophy at the University of BerlinRead MoreKarl Marx s Theories Of History And The Theory Of Human Nature Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx was a nineteenth century philosopher, born in Trier, Prussia (Germany) in 1818 to a middle class family and later died in 1883. Karl Marx’s philosophies on society, politics and economics is collectively understood as M arxism. He was a materialist and an atheist who had a profound impact on the world of intellectual thought. This paper will aim to discuss and determine with reference to Marx’s deterministic theory of history and the theory of human nature, if human beings are essentiallyRead MoreKarl Marx : The Oldest Surviving Boy Essay1080 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx is a sociologist, economist, historian, journalist, revolutionary, and philosopher of German decent. Karl Marx was born in 1818 in Trier, Prussia; he was the oldest surviving boy in a family of nine children. Both of his parents were Jewish, and descended from a long line of rabbis. Marx was also raised in a home that originally was Jewish until his Father, Heinrich Marx, converted to Protestantism. He was home-schooled until 1830 when he enrolled at the Jesuit high school in Trier.. InRead MoreTheories of Karl Marx1427 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION Karl Marx, also a philosopher was popularly known for his theories that best explained society, its social structure, as well as the social relationships. Karl Marx placed so much emphasis on the economic structure and how it influenced the rest of the social structure from a materialistic point of view. Human societies progress through a dialectic of class struggle, this means that the three aspects that make up the dialectic come into play, which are the thesis, antithesis and theRead More Karl Marx and His Radical Views Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx and His Radical Views Karl Marx[i] Karl Marx is among the most important and influential of all modern philosophers who expressed his ideas on humans in nature. According to the University of Dayton, â€Å"the human person is part of a larger history of life on this planet. Through technology humans have the power to have an immense effect on that life.†[ii] The people of his time found that the impact of the Industrial Revolution would further man’s success within thisRead MoreManifesto Of The Communist Party920 Words   |  4 PagesCommunist Party†, is a pamphlet written by Karl Marx, that in essence reflects an attempt to explain the goals and objectives of Communism, while also explaining the concrete theories about the nature of society in relation to the political ideology. The Communist Manifesto breaks down the relationship of socio-economic classes and specifically identifies the friction between those classes. Karl Marx essentially presents a well analyzed understanding o f class struggles and the issues concerning capitalism

Voice vs. Data Free Essays

In this lesson we talked about seven things to compare the difference between voice and data communication. The first item are cell phones, cell phones are voice and data communications. Cell phones are a mobile device used for voice and data communication over a network of base stations, sites where antennas and electronic communication equipment together create a cell in a mobile phone network. We will write a custom essay sample on Voice vs. Data or any similar topic only for you Order Now Today mobile phones are used for many other purposes than the standard voice function, which is it primary purposes. Mobile phones are used for text messaging by means of SMS, for sending and receiving videos and photographs by means of MMS and for email and internet services using GPRS. The second was Landline phones, Landline phones are voice communication. Landline telephones serve a variety of functions, even in today’s largely mobile world. Accessibility of landline phones for people with disabilities means that the range of services provided through landline phones to everyone without disabilities is also accessible in some ways that provides equivalent functionality for people with disabilities. There are several accessibility features which are either present in a telephone, or can be added by attachment; these included speakerphone functionality, large keys, flash on incoming calls, ability to connect a Braille reader. Landline phones are also used for very limited data collection, data retrieval and remote control through the digit transmission they provide. The third item are SMS/Text Messaging which is a voice and data communication. Text messaging is described as the exchange of short text messages. Text messages can be sent via mobile phones, fixed-line phone, and portable or fixed devices over a network. Text messaging only referred to short messages contains pictures, sound images, animation, and video. Fax machine which is voice communication is the fourth item to discuss; fax logic is to faxing what VOIP is to voice communications. Fax logic offers ultra-reliable Internet Fax communications using ordinary fax machines, with high security, high availability and low cost. Fax logic is ideal fax solution for VOIP and PSTN subscribers in any industry. Now with our fifth Pagers which are voice communication as well is a wireless telecommunications device that receives and displays numeric or text messages, or receives and announces voice messages. One-way pagers can only receive messages, while response pagers and two way pagers can also acknowledge, reply to, and originate messages using an internal transmitter. Pagers operate as part of a paging system which includes one or more fixed transmitters as well as a number of pagers carried by mobile users. VOIP is our sixth item. VOIP is a voice communication. VOIP is a methodology and group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over IP networks, such as the Internet. VOIP systems employ session control and signaling protocols to control the signaling, set-up, and tear-down of calls. They transport audio streams over IP networks using special media delivery protocols to controls the signaling, set-up, and tear-down of calls. Skype/Face time is the seventh and last item. This is a voice and data communication. Skype is a voice over Internet Protocol system developed by Skype technologies. It is a peer-to-peer network in which voice calls pass over the Internet rather than through a special purpose network, Skype users search for other users to connect to, enabling them to search for other Skype users and send messages. Sources * www.pearsonschoolsystem.com * www.reliablefax.com How to cite Voice vs. Data, Papers Voice vs. Data Free Essays Cell Phones – The first generation of cell phones transmitted voice through an analog wireless connection. The current generations of phones use both voice and data sent over digital wireless connections to transmit their signals. A cell phone is used for full duplex two-way radio telecommunications (for both voice and data) over a cellular of stations known as cell sites. We will write a custom essay sample on Voice vs. Data or any similar topic only for you Order Now Landline Phones – Landline phones use analog voice. They are connected to the Central office by a local loop that is 2 copper wires in a twisted pair. Landline phones get their power from this local loop. Also call POTS nowadays or Plain Old Telephone Service. SMS/Text Messaging – SMS stands for Short Message Service. The control channel (a pathway from your cell phone to the cell tower) provides the pathway for SMS messages. When you send an SMS message, the message flows through the SMSC, then to the tower, and the tower sends the message to the phone as a little packet of data on the control channel. Fax Machines – Fax Machines connect to another device on the other end of the line. They convert the images to data and transmit them over the analog telephone lines. If the spot of paper that the photo cell was looking at were white, the fax machine would send one tone; if it were black, it would send a different tone. Pagers – pagers work on radio waves similar to cell phones. When someone calls a pager and inputs a number it gets sent to the pager via a data packet. A pager is primarily used in hospitals, any office that is bound by emergencies and time constraints like fire stations, security services, coastal agencies, police and lifeboat crews. VOIP Phones – VoIP phones are also considered IP Phones. As in they are given an IP address from a given network and transmit the voice calls as data through the network. When you make a VoIP call, you use your computer’s built-in microphone and speakers, a headset, an IP phone or a phone plugged into an analog telephone adapter in place of an ordinary phone. This equipment and your computer translate the analog signal of your voice into a digital signal. The digital signal travels over the Internet. Once it reaches its destination, the telephone or computer that answers the call translates it back into analog sound. Skype/Facetime – Skype is a type of VoIP service that can also transmit video as well as place calls over a data network. Facetime is a service of Apple that it has on its iPhones. Facetime can send voice and video calls over Wi-Fi and now over 3G service. How to cite Voice vs. Data, Papers

High Levels of Urbanization for Urban Population - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHigh Levels of Urbanization for Urban Population. Answer: The spread of the globalization effect and capitalist societies in the modern world have led to the growth of urban population. In this urban areas, cities serve as the vital economic and administrative centers. Currently, there is a rapid increase in the number of cities across the globe. This increase is driven by the belief that cities are the land of opportunities. In fact, cities are the only places where their varied sources of employment, advanced infrastructure, diverse human population, and intense utilization of technology. However, this high rate of urbanization has its advantages and disadvantages. Despite cities being central in the economic and social development in the society, they have resulted in severe environmental and sociological problems. Understanding a City The understanding of a city differs with societies. People define a city as an extensive and permanent settlement characterized with dense human population and diverse economic activities (Pacione, 2002, p. 1). However, as Pacione (2002) points out, a city is a complex entity which cannot be sufficiently defined using social or economic perspectives. According to Pacione (2002), it is easier to pose the question about what a city is than providing the answer. Tangibly, a city is a physical entity entailing a built environment within a spatially delaminated territory. Additionally, a city is also a functional, social, administrative, and legal unit. Consequently, the sphere of influence of city can extend beyond its physical, administrative or legal boundaries (Pacione, 2002, p. 1). In this respect, a city is a dynamic environment where social, legal, and economic factors interact. Challenges of High levels of Urbanization In the last six decades, urban expansion has been occurring at a very high rate. According to Jebweb, Christiaensen, and Gindelsky (2017), the urban population in developing contries improved from 300 million to three billion between 1950 and 2015. A survey conducted by the United Nations established that more people live in the urban than in rural areas. According to the United Nations (2014), 54% of the world population lived in urban areas in 2014. Furthermore, the United Nations (2014) projects that this number is likely to increase to 66% by 2050. In commercial terms, this high level of urbanization is an indication of expanding economic and technological activities. Nevertheless, this high rate of urbanization has led to the emergence of severe environmental, demographic, and political challenges. These problems have emanated from the rapid increase in the urban population. Currently, there are severe shortages of resources and management to meet the growing demands of the urban population. Specifically, housing has been a key challenge in the urban areas. The housing problem has been caused by rural to urban migration levels which are higher than the rate of accommodation establishment in cities. According to Haque (2012), the lack of adequate and affordable housing in urban areas is the leading cause of the rise of slums and squatter settlements. As Haque (2012) outlines, the housing challenge in urban areas can be analyzed from the perspective of availability and affordability. In some cities, particularly those in the developing nations like Bangladesh, housing challenges are caused by insufficient supply. However, in other localities like H ong Kong, housing problems are instigated by high pricing making the houses unfordable (Haque, 2012). Environmental sustainability is another challenge caused by the rapid urbanization in the current world. The rate of pollution has considerably increased in urban localities due to increased industrialization activities, poor waste management, and utilization of fossil fuels. According to Abasnia et al. (2016), the emission of green house gases like carbon dioxide by industries and vhehicles in urban areas have accelerated the rate of climate change. Apart from air pollution, poor waste management strategies have constrained the availability of clean drinking water. The urban population dumps their wastes in water channels and bodies leading to water pollution. In fact, Abasnia et al. (2016) state that immediate actions are required to contain the current environmental pollution rates. In the recent times, the calls to address the rate of pollution has been intensified by the emergence of pollution-related diseases like cancer. For instance, Beijing residents have been forced to wear masks to protect themselves from adverse effects of air pollution. The image below shows people wearing protective masks in a smog-filled Beijing street due to air pollution. Source: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-19/smog-over-beijing,-china-as-air-pollution-takes-over-december-1/7043402 Furthermore, the rapid increase in urbanization has caused significant employment challenges. According to the United Nations (2014), the rate of unemployment has increased steadily in the last ten years. Primarily, people move to urban centers in search of employment. However, the rate of immigration into the urban areas in the recent years has surpassed that of job creation resulting in a deficiency. Moreover, the United Nations (2014) points out that lack of professional skills by the rural population migrating into the urban areas have contributed to the rising unemployment levels. Employers in the urban areas seek for individuals who are trained in a given field of operation. Since the rural population lack this training, they are forced to settle for casual employment. The migration of rural people into urban areas and the conversation of rural lands into urban centers have significantly challenged food availability in the modern society. According to Haque (2012), the rural areas are the source of food supply to the urban centers. However, with the young and productive generation moving from the countryside, agricultural activities have been paralyzed. Additionally, due to urbanization effect, people are converting the fertile agricultural land into industrial areas. According to Haque (2012), the results of this shift has been an acute shortage in the food supply. In fact, urban areas around the world rely on imported food products from the developing nation where agriculture is still dominant. For instance in India, one out of six households in urban areas has been a victim of severe food insecurity (Keshari Shankar, 2016). These statistics indicate a growing survival concern for the urban communities. Apart from food shortages, the high level of urbanization has led to the increase in crime rates. The rising crime levels are attributed to several factors. According to Agara, Chizea, and Osumah (2016), the increased crime rates have been caused by unemployment, social and economic inequalities, and lack of diversified means of production. As elaborated by the social capital theory, equality of all citizens is one of the key factors that facilitate harmony in the society. However, the high urbanization levels have advanced individualist ideologies increasing the gap between the poor and the rich. The loss of social relations that facilitate collective actions due to urbanization have elevated crime rates in the urban centers. With the United Nations projecting that the current rate of urbanization is likely to increase in the future, it is important to address the current challenges to enhance the livelihood of the urban population. Solution to the Challenges According to Pacione (2002), the best approach to solving the current urbanization crisis is by promoting economic equality. The social capital theory insists that equality of all citizens is the foundation of a stable and cooperative society. However, addressing economic disparities is not a simple task as it is affected by multiple factors. The first step in enhancing equality is by ensuring that all people have access to quality education. With quality education, individuals in the society can acquire employment qualifications which are required by the urbanized world. Additionally, education assists in the diversification of modes of production. When people have means of income generation, there will be a significant decline in unemployment and crime levels. Furthermore, the administrative bodies can solve the housing challenges by building more houses to accommodate the growing urban population. This move is particularly useful in regions where housing problems emanate from insufficient accommodation supply. Alternatively, in areas where housing crisis originates from high costs, the government can lower the prices through policy implementation or by reducing the taxes that affect the real estate industry(Jebweb et al., 2017). For food security, adopting modern modes of production like the utilization of green houses and vertical farming strategies can be helpful. These agricultural technologies use limited space for food production. Additionally, the government can address food shortage by increasing food imports from the developing nations. However, the most challenging issue to address is that on environmental pollution and waste management. According to the United Nations (2014), countries have struggled to lower the rate of pollution despite the implementation of several local and international policies. The policies have been futile due to poor or inadequate enforcement measures. In this respect, to solve the current pollution and waste management challenges, nations need to invest more in the enforcement of the existing laws. Any individual or organization found violating any of the local or international policies should not be spared. However, this move calls for a substantial overhaul in the existing environmental management organizations. Conclusively, the high levels of urbanization have its benefits and shortcomings. On the positive side, urbanization has led to economic development, infrastructure improvement, and achievement of a globalized society. However, it has also resulted in environmental pollution, food insecurity, unemployment, and inadequate housing. Although there are several ways to handle these challenges, promoting social and economic equality is the most viable approach. Reference List Abbasnia, M., Tavousi, T., Khosravi, M. Toros, H., 2016. Interactive effects of urbanization and climate change during the last decades (A case study: Isfahan city). European Journal of Science and Technology, 4(7), pp. 74-81. Agara, T., Chizea, B. Osumah, O., 2016. When work disappears, crime appears a political economy analysis of urban crime in Edo State Nigeria. Journal of Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(4), pp. 161-174. Haque, C. E., 2012. Hazards in a Fickle Environment: Bangladesh. New York: Springer Science Business Media. Jebweb, R., Christiaensen, L. Gindelsky, M., 2017. Demography, urbanization, and development: Rural push, urban pull, and urban push?. Journal of Urban Economics, Volume 98, pp. 6-16. Keshari, P. Shankar, H., 2016. Extent and Spectrum of Household Food Insecurity in Urban Varanasi. International Journal, 2(1), p. 31. Pacione, M., 2002. The City: The city in global context. London: Routledge. The United Nations, 2014. World Urbanization Prospects. [Online] Available at: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/publications/files/wup2014-highlights.Pdf [Accessed 22 August 2017].